The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 1. — Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah (cf. ch. v. 1 ; vi. 9), Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Not the order of age, but of theocratic importance {vide ch. v. 32). And unto them were sons born (cf. ch. ix. 1, 7, 19, 22) after the flood. An indication of the punctum teinporis whence the period embraced in the present section takes its departure.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 2. — The sons of Japheth are first mentioned not because Japheth was the eldest of the three brothers, although that was true, but because of the greater distance of the Japhetic tribes from the theocratic centre, the Hamites having always been much more nearly situated to and closely connectca with the Shemites than they. The immediate descendants of Japheth, whose name, 'IcnrtTog, occurs again in the mythology of a Japlietic race, were fourteen in number, seven sons and seven grandsons, each of wliich became the progenitor of one of the primitive nations. Go O'er. A people inhabiting "the sides of the north" (Ezek. xxxviii. 6) ; the Galatae of the Greeks (Josephus, * Ant. ,' i. 6) ; the Cliomarii, a nation in Bactriana on the Oxus (Shulthess, Kalisch) ; but more generally the Cimmerians of Homer ('Odyss.,' xi. 13 — 19), whose abodes were the shores of the Caspian and Euxine, I THE BOOK OF GENESia 181 whence they seem to have spread themselves over Europe as far west as the Atlantic, leaving traces of their presence in the Cimbri of North Germany and the Cymri in Wales (Keil, Lange, Murphy, Wordsworth, ' Speaker's Commentary '). And Magog. A fierce and warlike people presided over by Gog (an appellative name, like the titles Pharaoh and Ciiesar, and corresponding with the Turkish Chak, the Tartarian Kak, and the Mongolian Gog: Kalisch), wliose complete destruction was predicted by Ezekiel (chs. xxxviii. xxxix. ) ; generally understood to be the Scythians, whose territory lay upon the borders of the sea of Asoph, and in the Caucasus. In the Apocalypse (ch. xx. 8 — 10) Gog and Mago^ appear as two distinct nations combined against the Church of God. And MadaL The inhabitants of Media (Mada in the cuneiform inscriptions), so called because believed to be situated rrfpl fitcrrjv ti^v 'Aeriav (Polyb. V. 44) on the south-west shore of the Caspian. And Javan. Identical with 'Iao»v (Greek), Javana (Sanscrit), Juna (Old Persian), Jounan (Rosetta Stone) ; allowed to be the father of the Greeks, who in Scripture aie styled Javan {vide Isa. Ixvi. 19 ; Ezek. xxvii. 13 ; Dan. viii. 21 ; x. 20 ; Joel iii 6). And Tubal, and Meshech. Generally associated in Scripture as tributaries of Magog (Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3 ; xxxix. 1) ; recognised as the Iberians and Moschi in the north of Armenia, between the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, and the Black Sea (Josephus, Knobel, Lange, Kalisch). And Tiras. The ancestor of the Thracians (Josephus), of the Tyrrheni, a branch of the Pelasgians (Tucli), of the Asiatic tribes round the Taurus (Kalisch), in support of which last is a circumstance mentioned by Rawlinson, that on the old Egyptian monuments Mashuash and Tuirash, and upon the Assyiian Tubal and 3Tisek, stand together as here. Tiras occurs nowhere else in Scripture.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 3. — And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz. Axenus, the ancient name of the Euxine, is supposed to favour Phrygia and Bithynia as the locality possessed by Askenaz (Bochart) ; Iskus, equivalent to Ask, Ascanios, the oldest son of the Germanic Mannus, to point out Germany as his abode (Jewish commentators) ; but Jer. 11. 27 seems to indicate the region between the Euxine and the Caspian. Kalisch, following Josephus, identifies the name with the ancient town Rhagae, one day's journey to the south of the Caspian. Murphy and Poole, on the authority of Diodorus Siculus, believe the Germans may have been a colony of the Ashkenians. And Riphath. Diphath (1 Chron. i. 6) — the Paphlagonians (Josephus) ; more generally the tribes about the Riphaean mountains, on the north of the Cas])ian (Knobel, Kalisch, Clericua Rosenmiiller, Murphy, * Speaker's Commentary ') ; but botll are uncertain (Keil). AndTogarmah. Mentioned again in Ezek. xxvii, 14 ; xxxviii. 6 j the Phrygians (Josephus), the Cappadociani (Bochart), the Armewians (Michaelis, Gesenius, Rosenmiiller), the Taurians, inhabiting the Crimea (Kalisch). The tradition preserved by Moses Chorensis, that the ancestor of the Armenians was the son of Thorgom, the sou of Gomer, is commonly regarded as deciding the question.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 4.— And the sons of Javan ; Elishah The isles of Elishah are praised by Ezekie (xxvii. 7) for their blue and purple ; sup' posed to have been Elis in the Peloponnesus, famous for its purple dyes (Bochart) ; uEoli« (Josephus, Knobel) ; Hellas (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Kalisch) ; without doubt a maritime people of Grecian stock ('Speaker's Commentary ). And Tarshisb. Tarsus in Cilicia (Josephus) ; but rather Tartessus in Spain (Eusebius, Michaelis, Bochait, Kalisch). Biblical notices represent Tarshish as a wealthy and flourishing seaport to^vn towards the west {vide 1 Kings x. 22 ; Ps. xlviii. 7 ; Ixxii 10 ; Isa. Ix. 9 ; Ixvi. 19 ; Jer. x. 9 ; Ezek. xxvii 12). Kittim. Chittim (Num . xxiv. 24) ; Citium in Cyprus (Josephus), though latterly the name appears to have been extended to Citium in Macedonia (Alexander the Great is called the king of Chittim, 1 ^Macc. i 1 ; viiL 5), and the colonies which settled on the shores of Italy and Greece (Bochart, Keil, Kalisch). Isa, xxiii. 1, 12 ; Dan. xi 30 describe it as a maritime people. And Dodanim. Dordona in Epirus (Michiolis, Rosenmiiller) ; the Danlanians, or Trojans (Gesenius) ; the Daunians of South Italy (Kalisch) ; the Rhodani in Gaul, reading as in 1 Chron. i 7 (Bochart). Josephus omits the name, and Scripture does not again mention it.

The Pulpit Commentary
ver. 5 — in the earth. Not tin rriQ yfiQ (LXX.), as if pointing to his gigantic stature, but either among men generally, with reference to his widespread fame, or perhaps better "in the land" where he dwelt, which was not Babel, but Arabia {vide ver. 6).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 6. — By these were the isles of tht Gentiles. Sea -washed coasts as well as islands proper (cf. Isa. xlii. 4 with Matt xii. 21). Isaiah (ch. xx. 6) styles Canaan an isle (cf. Peloponnesus). The expression signifies maritime countries. Divided in their lands; every one after his tongue. Indicating a time posterior to the building of Babel (ch. xi. 1). After their families. 'Ei^ racf (pvXalg avribv (LXX.) ; in their tribes or clans, a lesser subdivision than the next. In their nations. The division here exhibited is fourfold : (1) geogra[)hical, (2) dialectical, (3) tribal, and (4) national. The fii-st defines the territory occupied, and the second the lan<:!;uage spoken by the Japhethites ; the third their immediate descent, and the fourth the national group to which they severally belonged.

Ver. 6. -And the sons of Ham. Theso, who occupy the second place, that the lift might conclude with the Shemites as the IM LCH. X. 1— IRL line of promise, Tnimber thirty, of whom only four were immediate descendants. Their territory generally embraced the southern S»rtions of the globe. Hence the name am has been connected with DDn, to be warm, though Kalisch declares it to be not of Hebrew, but Egyptian origin, appearing in the dime of the Kosetta Stone. The most usual ancient name of the country was Kem, the black land. Scripture speaks of Egypt as the land of Ham (Ps. Ixxviii. 51 ; cv. 23 ; cvl. 22). Cush. Ethiopia, including Arabia " quae mater est," and Abyssinia "quse colonia" (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller). The original settlement of Gush, however, is believed to have been on the Upper Nile, whence he afterwards spread to Arabia, Babylonia, India (Knobel, Kalisch, Lange, Rawlinson). Murphy thinks he may have started from the Caucasus, the Caspian, and the Cossaei of Khusistan, and migrated south (to Egypt) and east (to India). Josephus mentions that in his day Ethiopia was called Cush ; the Syriac translates dr^p 'Ai9io\p (Acts viii. 27) by Cuschaeos ; the ancient Egyptian name of Ethiopia was Keesh, Kish, or Kush (' Records of the Past,' iv. 7). The Cushites are described as of a black colour (Jer. xiii. 23) and of great stature (Isa. xIt. 14). And Mizraim. A dual form probably designed to represent the two Egypts, upper and lower (Gesenius, Keil, Kalisch), though it has been discovered in ancient Egyptian as the name of a Hittite chief {circa b.c. 1300, contemporary with Rameses II.), written in hieroglyphics M'azriyrm, Ma being the sign for the dual. The old Egj'ptian name is Kemi, Chemi, with obvious reference to Ham ; the name Egypt being probably derived from Kaphtah, the land of Ptah, The singular form Mazor is found in later books (2 Kings xix. 24 ; Isa. xix. 6 ; xxxv. 25), and usually denotes Lower Egypt. And Phut. Phet (Old Egyptian), Plhaiat (Coptic) ; the Libyans in the north of Africa (Josephus, LXX., Gesenius, Bochart). Kalisch suggests Buto' or Butos, the capital of the delta of the Nile. And Canaan. Hebrew, Kenaan {vide on ch. ix. 25). The extent of the territory occupied by the fourth son of Ham is defined in

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 7. — And the sons of Cush; Seba. Moroe, in Nubia, north of Ethiopia (Josephus, «Ant.,'ii. 10). AndHavilah. Ei<VXa(LXX.); may refer to an African tribe, the Avalitae, ■outli of Babclniandeb (Keil, Lange, Murphy), or tlie district of Chaulan in Arabia Felix (Rosoniniillcr, Kalisch, Wordsworth). Verse 20 mentions ILavilah as a Shemite territory. Kalisch regnrds them as "the same country, extending from the Arnbian to the Persian Gulf, and, on account of its vast extent, easily divided into two distinct parts" (cf ch. ii. 11). 4nd Sabtah The Astaborans of Ethiopia (Josephus, Gesenius, Kalisch) ; the Ethiopians of Arabia, whose chief city was Sabota (Knobel, Rosenmiiller, Lange, Keil). And Kaamah. 'Pe'y/ta (LXX); Ragma on the Persian Gulf, in Oman (Bochart, Rosenmiiller, Kalisch, Lange). And Sabtechah. Nigritia (Targum, Jonathan), which the name Subatok, discovered on Egyptian monuments, seems to favour (Kalisch) ; on the east of the Persian Gulf at Samydace of Carmania (Bochart, Knobel, Rosenmiiller, Lange). And the sons of Raamah ; Sheba. The principal city of Arabia Felix (1 Kings x. 1 ; Job i. 15 ; vi. 19 ; Ps. Ixxii. 10, 15 ; Isa. Ix. 6 ; Jer. vi. 20 ; Ezek. xxvii. 22 ; Joel iii 8) ; occurs again (ch. v. 28) as a son of Joktan ; probably was peopled both by Hamites and Shemites. And Dedan. Daden on the Persian Gulf {vide Isa. xxi. 13 ; Jer. xlix. 8 ; Ezek. xxv. 13 ; xxviL 12 — 15).

ver. 7. And Ophir. In Arabia ; probably in Oman, on the Persian Gulf (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Kalisch, Keil), though it has also been located in India (Josephus, Vitringa, Gesenius, Delitzsch). The gold of Ophir celebrated (1 Kings ix. 27, 28 ; 2 Chron. ix. 10 13, 21). And Havilah. The Chaulan in Arabia Felix, but vide supra,

ver. 7. And Jobab. The Jobabitae of Ptolemy, near the Indian Sea (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller) ; but more probably a tribe in Arabia Deserta if Jobab = Arabic iebab, a desert (Bochart, Gesenius, Kalisch). All these were the sons of Joktan. And their dwelling was from Mesha. The seaport of Muza (Bochart) ; Messene, at the mouth of the Tigris (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Kalisch). As thou gaest into Zephar. Zafar or Dhafari, on the coast of the Hadramut. The difficulty of identifying a seaport to^vn with a mountewn is got over (Kalisch) by reading "to the" instead of a mount of the east — the thuriferous range of hills in the vicinity.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 8. — And Cush begat — not necessarily as immediate progenitor, any ancestor being in Hebrew styled a father — Nimrod ; the rebel, from maradh, to rebel ; the name of a person, not of a people ; — Namuret in ancient Egyptian. Though not one of the great ethnic heads, he is introduced into the register of nations as the founder of imperialism. Under him society passed from the patriarchal condition, in which each separate clan or tribe owns the sway of its natural head, into that (more abject or more civilised according as it is viewed) in which many different clans or tribes recognise the sway of one who is not their natural head, but has acquired his ascendancy and dominion by conquest. This is the principle of monarchism. Eastern tradition has painted Nimrod as a gigantic oppressor of the people's liberties and an impious rebel against the Divine authority. Josephus credits him with having instigated the building of the tower of Babel. He has been identified with the Orion of the Greeks. Scripture may seem to convey a bad impression of Nimrod, but it does not sanction the absurdities of Oriental legend. He began to be a mighty one — Gibbor {vide ch. vi. 4) ; what he had been previously being expressed in

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 9. — He was a mighty hunter Originally doubtless of wild beasts, which, according to Bochart, was the first step to usurping dominion over men and using tnero for battle. " Nempe venationum praetextu collegit juvenum robustam manum, quam talibus exercitus ad belli labores induravit " ('Phaleg.,' liv. 12). Before the Lord. 1. 'Evavriov cvptov (LXX.)^ in a spirit of d»- IM fiance (Augustine, Kv\\, JTurphy, Bush). 2. Caram Deo, in God's sight, as an aggrai-ation of his sin — cf. ch. xiii. 3 (Cajetan). 3. As • superlative, declaring his excellence — cf. ch. xiii. 10 ; xxx. 8 ; xxxv. 5 ; 1 Sam. xi. 7 ; John iii. 3 ; Acts vii. 20 (Aben Ezra, Kiniehi, Kalisoh, ' Speaker's Conunentary '). 4, With the Divine approbation, as one who broke the way through rude, uncultivated nature for the institutions of Jehovah (Lange). Cf. ch. xvii. 18 ; xxiv. 40 ; 1 Sam. xi. 15 ; Ps. xli. 12. Probably the first or the third conveys the sense of the expression. Wherefore it ii said, Even as Nimrod the (a) mighty Irnnter before the Lord. The precise import of this is usually determined by the view taken of the previous phrase.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 10. — And the beginninff of hit kingdom. Either his first kingdom, as contrasted with his second (Knobel), or the commencement of his sovereignty (Keil, Kalisoh), or the principal city of his empire (Rosenmiiller) ; or all three may be legitimately embraced in the term reshith, only it does not necessarily imply that Nimrod built any of the cities mentioned. Was Babel. Babylon, "the land of Nimrod" (Micah V. 6), the origin of which is described in ch. xi. 1, grew to be a great city covering an area of 225 square miles, reached its highest glory under Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. iv. 30), and succumbed to the Medo-Persian power under Bclshazzar (Dan. v. 31). The remains of this great city have been discovered on the east bank of the Euphrates near Hillah, where there is a square mound called "Babil" by the Arabs (Rawlinson's 'Ancient Monarchies,' vol. i. ch. 1). And Er«ch. The Orchoe of Ptolemy, identified by Rawlinson as Wurka, about eighty miles south of Babylon. And Accad. 'Apxdd (LXX.) ; the city Sittace on the river Argade (Bochart) ; Sakada, a town planted by Ptolemy below Niuus (Clericus) ; Accete, north of Babylon (Knobel, Lange) ; identified with the ruins of Nifter, to the south of Hillah (Keil) ; with those of Akkerkoof, north of Hillah (Kaliseh). Rawlinson does not identify "ihe site; George Smith regards it as "the capital of Sargon, the groat city Agadi, near the city of Sippara on the Euphrates, and north of Babylon" ('Assyrian Discoveries,' ch. xii. ), And Calneh. Calno (Isa. x. 9); Canneh (Ezek. xxvii. 23) ; Ctcsiphon, east of the Tigris, north-east of Baljylon (Jerome, Eusebius, Hocliart, .Michaelis, Kali.sch); identified with the ruins of Niifer on the east of the Euphrates (Rawlinson). In the land of Bhinar. Babylonia, as distinguished from As.syria (Isa. xi. 11), the lower part of Mesopotamia, or Ghaldaea.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 11.— Oat of that land went forth 48shur, the ton of .Sljum (ver. 22; LXX., Vulgate, Syriac, Luther, Calvin, Michaelia, Dathe, Rosenmiiller, Bohlcn) ; {. e. the early Assyrians retired from Babylon before their Cushite invaders, and, proceeding northward, founded the cities after mentioned ; but the marginal rendering seems preferable: "Out of that land went (Nimrod) into Asshur," or Assyria, the country north-east of Babylon, through which flows the Tigris, and which had already received its name from the son of Shem (the Targuras, Drusius, Bochart, Le Clerc, De Wette, Delitzsch, Keil, Kalisch, Lange, et alii). And huilded Nineveh. The capital of Assyria, opposite Mosul on the Tigris, afterwards became the largest and most flourishing city of the ancient world (Jonah iii. 3 ; iv. 11), being fifty-five milei in circumference (Diod., ii. 3), and is now identified with the ruins of Nebbi-yunus and Kouyunjik (Layard's' Nineveh,' vol. ii. pp. 136 fi".). And the city Rehoboth. Rehohoth-irf literally, the streets of the city (cf. Plataea, a city in Boeotia), a town of which the site is unknown. And Calah. The mounds of Nimroud (Layard and Smith), though Kalisch and Murphy prefer Kalah Shergat (about fifty miles south of Nineveh), which the former authorities identify with Asshur, the original capital of the country.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 12. — And Resen, i. e. Nimroud, between Kalah Shergat and Kouyunjik (Kalisch) ; but if Calah be Nimroud, then Resen may be Selamiyeh, a village about half way, between Nineveh and Calah, i. e. Kouyunjik and Nimroud, ut supra (Layard). The same. Resen (Kalisch), which will suit if it was Nimroud, whose remains cover a parallelogram about 1800 feet in length and 900 feet in breadth ; but others apply it to Nineveh with the other towns as forming one large composite city (Knobel, Keil, Lange, Wordsworth). Is a great city. With this the record of Nimrod's achievements closes. It is generally supposed that Nimrod flourished either before or about the time of the building of the tower of Babel ; but Prof. Chwolscn of St. Petersburg, in his ' Ueber die Ueberreste der Altbabylonischen Literatur,' brings the dynasty of Nimrod down as late as 1500 B.C., relying principally on the evidence of an original work composed by Qiit'ami, a native Babylonian, and translated by Ibn-wa'hschijjah, a descendant of the Chaldaeans, and assigned by Chwolsen to one of the earlier periods of Babylonian history, in which is mentioned the name of Nemrod, or Nemroda, as the founder of a Canaanite dynasty which ruled at Babylon (vide an excellent paper on this subject in Turner's ' Biblical and Oriental Studies,' Edin., A. and C. Black, 1876). Perhaps the hardest difficulty to explain in connection with the ordinary date assigned to Nimrod is the fact that in ch, xiv., which speaks of the reigning monarcha ia the 160 [oh. 1. 1--^ Enphrates valley, there is no account taken of Nineveh and its king — a circumstanco which lias been supposed to import that the founding of the capital of Assyria could not have been anterior to the days of Abraham. But early Babylonian texts confirm what ch. xiv, seems to imply — the fact of an Elamite conquest of Babylonia, B.C. 2280, by Kudurnanliundi (Kudurlagamar, the Chederlaomer of Genesis), who carried off an image of the goddess Nana from the city Erech {vide Assyrian Discoveries,' ch. xii. ; 'Records of the Past,' vol. iii.), so that this difficulty may be held to have disappeared before the light of archaeological discovery. But at whatever period Nimrod flourished, the Biblical narrative would lead us to anticipate a commingling of Hamitic and Shemitic tongues in the Euphrates valley, which existing monuments confirm (of. * Records of the Past,' vol. iii. p. 3).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 13. — And Mizraim begat Ludim. An African tribe, a colony of the Egyptians, like the next seven, which are ** nomina non singulorum hominum sed populorum" (Aben Ezra, Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Kalisch, ]\Iurphy) ; probably referred to in connection with Tarshish and Put (Isa. Ixvi. 19), with Kush and Put (Jer. xlvi. 9), and in connection with Put (Ezek. xxvii. 10 ; xxx. 5). Lud (ver. 22) was Shemitic. And Anamim. Not elsewhere mentioned ; the inhabitants of the Delta (Knobel). And Lehabim. Lubim (2 Chron. xii. 3 ; Dan. ii. 43 ; Nahum iii. 9) ; Libyans (Dan. xi. 43) ; probably the Libyans west of Egypt (Michaelis, Kalisck, Murphy). And Naphtuhim. Nephtliys, »ear Pelusium, on the Lake Sirbonis (Bochart) ; the Libyan town Napata (Kalisch) ; the people of Middle Egypt (Knobel).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 14. — And Pathrusim. Pathros in Upper Egypt. And Casluhim. The Colchians, of Egyptian origin (Bochart, Gesenius) ; the inhabitants of the primitive Egyptian town Chemnis, later Panoplis (Kalisch). Out of whom came Philistim. The Philistines on the Mediterranean from Egypt to Joppa, who had five principal cities — Gaza, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron. They are here described as an offshoot from Casluhim. The name has been derived from an Ethiopic root fdldsd, to emigrate ; hence * ' immigrants " or "emigrants." Jer. xlvii. 4 and Amos ix. 7 trace the Philistines to the Caphtorim. Michaelis solves the difficulty by transposing the clause to the end of the verse ; Bochart by holding the Casluhim and Caphtorim to have intermiiifjled ; Keil and Lange by the conjecture that the original tribe the Casluhim was subsequently strengthened by an immigration from Caphtor. Against the Egyptian origin of the Philistinea the possession of a Shemitic tongue and the non-observance of circumcision have been urged ; but the first may have been acquired from the conquered Avim whose land they occuripd ';Deut. ii. 23), -nd the exodus from Egypt may have taken place prior to the iLstitution of the rite in question. And Caphtorim. Cappadocia (Bochart), Syrtia Major (Clericus), Crete (Calmet, EAvald), Cyprus (Michaelis, Rosenmiiller), Coptos, Kouft or Keft, a few miles north of Thebes (Kalisch).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 15. — And Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn. A famous commercial and maritime town on the coast of Syria (1 Kings V. 6 ; 1 Chron. xxii. 4 ; Isa. xxiii. 2, 4, 12 ; Ezek. xxvii. 8) ; here including Tyre. From the mention of the circumstance that Sidon was Canaan's firstborn, we may infer tliat in the rest of the table the order of seniority is not followed. And Heth. The father of the Hittites (ch. xxiii. 3, 5), identified by Egyptologers with the Kheta, a powerful Syrian tribe.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 16. —And the Jebusite. Settled at and around Jerusalem (Josh. xv. 8 ; Judges xix. 10, 11 ; 1 Chron. xi. 4, 5). And the Amorite. On both sides of the Jordan, though dwelling chiefly in the Juda^an mountains (ch. xiv. 7 ; Josh. x. 5), to which the name "mountaineer," tVom "Amor,"' elevation (Gesenius), is supposed to refer. And the Girgasite. The n me nly is preserved (Josh. xxiv. 11).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 17.— And the Hivite. "Villagers" (Gesenius); "settlers in cities" (Ewald) ; their localities are mentioned in ch. xxxiv. 2 ; Josh. ix. 1,7 ; xi. 3 ; Judges vi. 3. And the Arkite. Inhabitants of Arka, a city of Phoenicia (Josephus) afterwards called Csesarea Libani ; its ruins still exist at Tel Arka, at the foot of Lebanon. And the Sinite. The inhabitants of Sin. Near Arka are a fortress named Senna, ruins called Sin, and a village designated Syn.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 18. — And the Arvadite, — dwelt in Arvad, Aradus, now Ruad (Josephus) — and the Zemarite, — Simyra, a city of Phoenicia (Bochart, Michaelis, Gesenius, Kalisch) whose ruins are still called Sumrah — and the Hamathite. The inhabitants of Hamath, called Hammath Rabbah (Amos vi. 2) ; Epiphaneia by the Greeks ; now Hamah. And afterwards— i. e. subsequent to the formation of these distinct tribes by the confusion of tongues — were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 19.— And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon (its northern boundary), as thou comest — i. e. as thou goest, in the direction of — to Gerar, — between Kadesh and Shur (ch. XX. 1) — unto Gaza (now called Guzzeh, at the south-west corner of Pales* tine) ; as thou goest, unto Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim {vide ch. xix. 24), even unto Lasha -CAllirrhoe (Hieronynius, Jerusalem Tingum., Josephua, Rosenmiiller, Keil, Kalisch) ; possibkj a rtli« OH. I. 1— 32.J THE BOOK OF GENESia 161 ation of Ijaish and Leshem, a Sidouian city near the sources of tlie Jordan (Murphy).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 20. — These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after therr tongues, in their countries, and in their nations {vide ver. 5).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 21. — Unto Shem also, the father of all the childrer of Eber, —as Ham of Canaan (oh. ix. 22; vide ver. 24)— the brother of Japheth '•.he elder. Either the eldest brother of .laplievli (Syriac, Arabic, Vulgate, Gesenius, Rosenniiiller, Kalisch) ; or the brother of Japheth who was older (LXX., Symmachus, Onkelos, Raschi, Aben Ezra, Luther, Clericus, iMiohaclis, Dathe) ; or the elder of Japheth's brothers, as distinguished from Ham the younger, i. e. the son who was older tlian Ham, but younger than Japheth (Murphy, Quarry ; vide ch. v. 32). Even to him were children horn.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 22. — The children of Shem were twenty-six in number, of whom five were Bons. Elara. Elymais, a region adjoining Susiana and Media, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea ; the people first met with as Persians. And Asshur. The ancestor of the Assj'^rians {vide ver. 11). And Arphaxad. A region in the north of Assyria ; the Arrliapacitis of Ptolemy (Rosenmilller, Keil, Kalisch). The explanation of the name is "fortress of the Chaldaeans" (Ewald); "highland of the Chaldaeans" (Ivnobel). And Lud. The Lydians of Asia Minor, to which they appear to have migrated from the land of Shem (Josephus, Bochart, Keil, Kalisch). And Aram. "The high laud ; " Mesopotamia being the Aram of the two rivers, and Syria the Ai'am of Damascus.

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 23. — And the children of Aram ; Uz, from whom was named the land of Uz (Job i. 1), south-east of Palestine, a tract of the Arabia Deserta. And Hul. In Armenia (Josephus) ; that part called Cholobetene, or house of Hul (Bochart) ; the Hylatae of Syria, near the Emcsenes (Delitzsch) ; Coele- <yria (Michaclis) ; Huleh, near the sources of the Jordan (Murphy). And Gether — of uncertain situation — and Mash —traced in Mens Masius of Armenia (Bochart).

The Pulpit Commentary
Ver. 24. — And Arphaxad begat Salah. Tlie nation descended from him has not been identified, though their name, "Extension," mav imidy that they were early colonists. And Salah begat Eber. The father of the Hebrews or " Emigrants" {vide ver. 21). \qx. 25. — And unto Eber were born two sons: thenameofone was Peleg. "Division," from palag^ to divide ; cf. irtXayoq and pelagus, a division of the sea. For in his days was the earth divided. At the confusion of tongues (Bochart, Rosenmiiller, Keil, Lange, Iklurphy) ; at an earlier separation of the earth's population (Delitzsch), of which there is no record or trace. And his brother's name was Joktan. Father of the Arabians, by whom he is called Kachtan.

The Pulpit Commentary
Vers. 26 — 30. — And Joktan begat Almodad. Usually said to be Yemen. And Sheleph. The Salapenoi of Ptolemy, belonging to the interior of Arabia. And Hazarmaveth. Hadramaut, south-east of Arabia (Bochart, Michaelis). And Jerah. Contiguous to Hadramaut, And Hadoram. Adramitae of Ptolemy, or the Atramitae of Pliny (Bochart). And Uzal. Awzal, the capital of Yemen (Bochart). And Diklah. The palm-bearing region of Arabia Felix (Bochart) ; a tribe between tliO mouth of the Tiber and the Persian Gulf (Michaelis). And Obal, and Abimael, whose settlements are not known. And Sheba. Vide supra,

The Pulpit Commentary
Vers. 31, 32. — These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. The pedigree of the Shemite tribes is closed with the customary formula {vide ver. 6) ; that which follows being the concluding formula for the entire table of nations. These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations (literally, according to their Tholddth, or histoiical developments), in their nations : and by these (literally, from these) were the nations divided (or, did the nations scatter themselves) in the earth after the flood.